Assessing Postpartum Depression in Bauchi State-Nigeria: A Study on the Prevalence and Risk Factors in Primary Healthcare Settings

Abstract

Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a major public health issue that often goes undiagnosed, negatively impacting mothers, families, and infant development. Understanding its prevalence and associated risk factors is crucial for effective screening and intervention.

Objectives: This study assessed the prevalence of PPD and identified its risk factors among mothers attending immunization clinics in selected primary healthcare centres in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2023 to November 2024 among women of reproductive age. Participants were selected through a multistage sampling technique. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to assess PPD. Data was analysed using SPSS version 25.0. Ethical clearance was obtained for the study

Results: The study included 262 postpartum women aged 18-48 (mean age 30.9 ± 7.0 years). The majority (83.3%) had completed secondary and/or tertiary education. The prevalence of PPD was 43.4%. The strongest predictors were family conflict and lack of spousal and family support during pregnancy. Women experiencing family conflict had a six-fold increased risk of PPD (aOR = 6.5, 95% CI = 2.3–18.4). Lack of spousal support increased the risk by 2.3 times (aOR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.0–4.8), while lack of family support tripled the risk (aOR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.6–7.7).

Conclusion: The high PPD prevalence underscores the need for routine screening in postnatal care. Early identification of risk factors and targeted interventions can help prevent and manage PPD, improving maternal and child health outcomes.